Peter Vogt started his acting career in the 1970s with appearances in the television drama They've Killed President Lincoln! (1971) and The Goodbye Girl (1977, with Robert Costanzo and Paul Willson).

In the 1980s, he appeared in Hot Dog...The Movie (1984, with James Saito), the television movie Stark (1985, with Nicolas Surovy, Denise Crosby, Barry Gordon, Mike Genovese, Michael Champion and John Bloom), The Deliberate Stranger (1986, with Lawrence Pressman, Jeannetta Arnette, William Boyett, Terry Farrell, Cecile Callan, Chip Heller, Lee Brooks and Willie Garson), and in episodes of Remington Steele (1983, starring Pierce Brosnan, with James Read and Phil Rubenstein), Fatal Vision (1984, starring Gary Cole, with Joel Polis, Mitchell Ryan, Wendy Schaal, Alexandra Johnson, Paddi Edwards, Kenneth Tigar, Matthew Faison, Richard Lineback and Brian Thompson), Blue Thunder (1984, with Ray Wise), Newhart (1984, with Tony Papenfuss), Cagney & Lacey (1984, with Tina Lifford, Jonathan Banks and Michael Cavanaugh), Dragnet (1989, with Branscombe Richmond), and Knots Landing (1989, with Melinda Culea, Jack Axelrod, Joseph Campanella, Liam Sullivan and directed by Robert Scheerer).

Vogt had recurring roles as Mr. Dorfman in Head of the Class (1987-1993, starring Jeannetta Arnette) and as Brigadier General Jack Elliot in Tour of Duty (1989-1990, with Dan Gauthier and Alan Scarfe). Other television guest roles in the 1990s are in episodes of Paradise (1991, with Patrick Kilpatrick, Ben Scott and Walker Edmiston), L.A. Law (1991, starring Corbin Bernsen, with Jennifer Hetrick, Andrew Robinson and Diana Muldaur), MacGyver (1991, starring Richard Dean Anderson, with Time Winters, Colm Meaney and Christopher Neame), Billy (1992, with Marie Marshall and Clara Bryant), Cheers (1992-1993, with Kirstie Alley, Kelsey Grammer, Bebe Neuwirth, Keene Curtis and Paul Willson), Murphy Brown (1994, with Charles Esten, James W. Jansen and Richard Penn), Diagnosis: Murder (1996, with Dennis Creaghan and Michelle C. Bonilla), Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1997, starring Teri Hatcher, with Barry Wiggins), Tracey Takes On... (1998, with René Auberjonois and Olivia Hack), DiResta (1998, with Julianne Christie), L.A. Doctors (1999, starring Sheryl Lee, with Jeff Allin, John Gegenhuber and John Carroll Lynch), and Arliss (2000, with Keone Young and Bill Blair).

He also appeared in the television thriller Deadly Medicine (1991, with Marnie McPhail, Joel Polis and John D. Gowans), the television drama Murder Without Motive: The Edmund Perry Story (1992, with Dakin Matthews, Angelo Tiffe, Amanda Foreman and Dennis Howard), Mr. Jones (1993, with Thomas Kopache and Irene Tsu), the comedy Captain Nuke and the Bomber Boys (1995, with Joe Piscopo, Kate Mulgrew and Don Pugsley), the science fiction film The Silencers (1996, with Dennis Christopher, Clarence Williams III, Stephen Rowe and Vinny Argiro), and later the short film Treat, Not Trick (2016).