Jeon Mi-do made her acting debut in the musical Mr. Mouse in 2006.

She made her television debut in the 2018 series Mother in which she played a minor role. The following year, she made her big-screen debut in the fantasy film Metamorphosis.

Jeon landed her first lead role in a television series with the medical drama Hospital Playlist. When she first auditioned, she thought it was to play one of the patients but director Shin Won-ho told her he was considering her for the lead role. During an interview, director Shin said that "Although we make the character, we felt she was destined to play Song-hwa." Her performance earned her a nomination for Best New Actress in the television category at the 56th Baeksang Arts Awards.